Sheldon, W. H., Stevens, S. S., & Tucker, W. B. Behaviorism is based upon observable behaviors, so it is easier to quantify and collect data and information when conducting research. Learn more. Currently law enforcement officers rely on intuition and experience in determining if criminal activity is afoot. The theory has brought a change in the way people view a child's world. - It draws attention to the reality of street crime and its effects, especially on victims from deprived groups. Adorno found that people with an authoritarian personality had warm relationships with their family growing up. Extremely deterministic-idea that theory assumes people who are criminal cant escape their destiny of being a criminal. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention , behavior analysis , token economies and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. There was a significant difference in the scores on the California F scale. Sheldon stated in the conclusion of this book that society was devolving due to poor breeding and biological devolution. The perspective in psychology that Sheldon's "somatotypes" and their supposed associated physical traits can be summarized as follows: Ectomorphic: characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage; usually referred to as slim. Heredity, environment, and the question" How?". b. behavioral perspective. *You can also browse our support articles here >. One of Sheldon's most distinct and disliked personality traits is how incredibly self-absorbed he can be, in terms of his career, his hobbies and practically anything else. Davidson, M. A., McInnes, R. G., & Parnell, R. W. (1957). Die persnlichkeit der athletiker. Ectomorphs and endomorphs can also be criminals which is contradictory toSheldons idea that mesomorphs are criminals. He saw extreme Viscerotonia as being associated with a love of relaxation and of comfort. Ernst Kretschmer was the first major figure in constitutional psychology. During the Nazi occupation, German psychiatrists forged Aryan criminology (Cantor, 1936) that biologized lawbreaking, insisted upon an inherited nature to crime. One early example of early somatic typology is Hippocrates theory of the four humors. The scale was criticised for introducing potential acquiescence bias and social desirability bias. strong correlation between personality and somatotype (i.e. John Rawls have developed a comprehensive theory that can be useful in addressing contemporary issues. d. neuroscience perspective. These include: object permanence; self-recognition the child realises that other people are separate from them ; deferred imitation; and representational play. Searches of online resources such as Google and Westlaw legal database produced negative results of Sheldons somatotype theory utilized as a criminal defense. The advantages of this theory are that it is very concise as. focuses on how behavior and thought There are also traditional Eastern ways of classifying people for the purpose of medical and psychological treatments. Glueck asked, "Has anyone actually counted the number of violation . The findings of Elms and Milgram (1966) supported the influence of the authoritarian personality on obedience to authority. In the West, many wondered whether fascism could arise in democratic countries like the United States. Finally, those with manic depression tended to be both highly endomorphic and mesomorphic. Realism can also be assumed as the theory that used by nation leaders to rule and govern with an "iron Fist". Ernst Kretschmer, using a similar classification of body types, attempted to find correlations between body type and psychiatric syndromes. Sheldon believed that bodily build 1. Freud, like many psychologists that explored new. There are many different elements in history. Lacks accuracy, doesnt takefacial disfigurement into consideration. Sheldon's theory on personality traits in Africa, using 242 students of the University of The Gambia, The Gambia, West Africa as a case study, being that the university parades an international community of African students and faculty. According to Adorno, people with an authoritarian personality are ____ likely to obey. Finally, Kretschmers leptosome corresponded to Sheldons ectomorph type. The major strength of this theory is that it focuses on the history of a person as well as present day. The strengths and weaknesses of this theory are that it shows the characteristics of male body types, but the weakness is that it does not show the female body types. In Democracy Incorporated, Sheldon Wolin considers the unthinkable: has America unwittingly morphed into a new and strange kind of political hybrid, one where economic and state powers are conjoined and . Somatotype is a highly disputed taxonomy developed in the 1940s by the American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements which he termed somatotypes, classified by him as ectomorphic, mesomorphic, and endomorphic. Si contina navegando, consideramos que acepta su uso. Contributing factors introduced into Cooks case ultimately attributed to a winning strategy, the case did not stand alone on obesity as the defending point and would have been lost if physically demanding characteristic were required of Cook. It gives an understanding of the stages involved in human development throughout a lifespan. Adorno's Theory: Strengths and Weaknesses. 8), According to Psychology The Human Puzzle, the Rogers phenomenological theory is a, Biological and Evolutionary Personality Theories. - t shows how poverty and inequality can cause working-class crime, and how capitalism promotes greed and encourages upper-class crime. Sheldon applied physiology and psychology when he created a classification system grouping the human body into three categories; endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs (Sheldon, 2010). Meanwhile, mesomorphs were rated as stronger, more masculine, better looking, more adventurous, younger, taller, more mature, and more self-reliant than the others. Sheldons research into somatotyping may still bare validity in this area of the law, but not as a criminal defense. This case, however, did not define obesity as a disability. Sheldon's somatotype theory established three basic body types . Rafters publication compared to other scholarly journals and writings are above reproach. One of the main strengths of behavioral leadership theory is its emphasis on practicality and accessibility. The environmental -- or societal -- aspect of social learning theory says that children learn in a social context. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. (1990). was a founder of many psychological theories. As you can see from the example California F scale items above, all items are worded positively. United States Code, Cook v. Rhode Island, and the Americans with Disabilities Act were examined for references on somatotyping and legal precedent referring to Sheldons research. Studies have concluded that there is a correlation between adopted children and their biological parents, The age of adoption may mean that the adopted children have already been influenced by either their natural parents or their foster parents. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. In doing so, it recognizes that people continue to develop throughout their lives. Confirming the results of McFarland (1953) and Clinton and Thorn (1943), pilots were predominantly mesomorphic (Adams, 1985). Explain the strengths and weaknesses of one or more criminological theories for explaining crime in contemporary Britain Word count:1,200 Outline plan * Explain in brief the purpose of this essay. The District Court of Rhode Island found: Denying an applicant even a single job that requires no unique physical skills, due solely to the perception that the applicant suffers from a physical limitations that would keep her from qualifying for a broad spectrum of jobs, can constitute treating an applicant as if her condition substantially limited a major life activity, viz., working. Individuals with an authoritarian personality often demonstrate rigid traditional beliefs and advocate for preserving conventional norms and harsh punishments towards individuals who don't adhere to them. These three aspects of the phenotype were thus all related (The Constitutional Psychiatry of Ernst Kretschmer, 1990, 1990). The anthropologists Heath and Carter (1967) modified Sheldons original somatotyping method in order to make it reproducible and validatable. Combining these factors gives us a better and more holistic understanding of political and societal . Employees typically claimed obesity as a cause or factor of discrimination as in the case of Cook v. Rhode Island. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! CrossRefexternal icon, Wada S. Construction of the Big Five Scales of personality trait terms and concurrent validity with NPI. What is Adorno's theory of authoritarian personality? The Strengths of Erikson's Psychological Development The merits of Erikson's psychosocial development theory are as follows: Erikson's psychosocial development theory provides an integrated and broad framework for social development. PointsperGameFrequency49.559.51459.569.53269.579.51579.589.52389.599.52\begin{array}{|l|l|} Akers and Burgess added the thought of support. Have all your study materials in one place. Sheldons research was flawed in that he utilized poor research and techniques. \hline 89.5-99.5 & 2 \\ According to Psychology The Human Puzzle, the Sheldons body types theory examines. It can work, however, if they are experienced, knowledgeable, confident, creative . Finally, the participants saw the ectomorph as thinner, younger, less masculine, more stubborn and inclined to be difficult, more pessimistic, and quieter than the endomorph and mesomorph (Wells and Siegel, 1961). a preference for strong authority figures and hostility towards scapegoated minorities. One study by Jacob et al. Sheldon 's theory of somatotypes Sheldon (1949) advanced a theory that shares with Lombroso's the idea that criminal behaviour is linked to a person's physical form. We don't know if successful burglars also think this way? , Biomedical sciences year 1 : The cardiovascular system experiment , I married Sheldon Cooper ask me anything! 806 8067 22 Describe the main strengths and weaknesses of Utilitarianism. They viewed those who didn't adhere to the rules or obeyed others as morally wrong and displaced the anger they could never express in childhood onto those who were inferior to them. Man : evidently man and human nature. He aspired to predict the genetic outcome of humans to the point of predictability thus allowing humans to breed desired qualities into their offspring. Evaluate the effectiveness of the rol, Criminology Unit 2 AC 4.1 informing policy de, CRIMINOLOGY: Unit 3 AC1.1 (Evaluate the effec, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Not all criminals may have atavistic features, only 40% of criminals Lombroso looked at had atavistic features. Additionally, the ages were heavily weighted there were 16 participants aged 20 and just one over 24. It fails to explain white collar and corporate crime and ignores the harms done to the poor by the crimes of the powerful. Kretschmer also examined various psychological differences between the body types, for example, sensitivity to color and form, splitting, concept formation, and psychomotor speed (The Constitutional Psychiatry of Ernst Kretschmer, 1990, 1990). From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. Meanwhile, mesomorphs tended to be more outgoing, warmhearted, easing-going, and participants in group situations. Unlike some other leadership theories that require in-depth analysis or interpretation, behavioral leadership theory is relatively straightforward and easy to understand. From a study of several hundred male physiques he derived three made body types: The ectomorph body type is characterized by long, thin muscles and limbs and low fat storage. Finally, we'll discuss Adorno's theory strengths and weaknesses and look into authoritarian personality criticism of the California Fascism Scale. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 27(1), 48-61. Devised by William Sheldon, 1899-1970. The anxious patriot who stood out for his country to the last & devised in the last beleagured citadel, profound schemes for its deliverance and aggrandizement, will sheathe his sword and blot his fame. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. He found that the degree of punishment determined whether they chose to commit the crime. Lack of a control group meaning criminals featurescantbe compared to those thatarentcriminal. They are likely to more sensitive as well. The researchers wanted to investigate whether there were some personality differences between the two groups. In contrast, displacement involves redirecting our emotions (often anger) from an original target that we cannot express to a less threatening individual or group. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? His explanation of obedience focused on dispositional factors. What unconscious defence mechanisms lead people to develop the authoritarian personality, according to Adorno? The understanding of somatotyping Rafter demonstrated clearly illustrated her knowledge upon this subject such that I consider her a subject matter expert and well versed in the field of somatotyping. According to Great Ideas in Personality, one of the greatest strengths of psychoanalytic theory is that it can be used to explain . Stereotyped somatotypes. \hline 79.5-89.5 & 23 \\ McFarland, R. A. determine your personality using this theory which is also an advantage. If obedience is a matter of personality, do you think you're an obedient type? Different from some of the league's current elite scorers at the shooting guard position, Sharpe is a high-level off-ball scorer. (1961). STRENGTHS Fayol's theory gives a succinct framework for . William Sheldon's Temperament Types - Interpersonal Communication, Relations, and Compatibility Interpersonal Communication, Relations, and Compatibility Living in the society involves multiple interactions with other people, some short-term and unimportant, others - critical for our life and career. Introduction to Psychology of Personality. Morbid obesity as a civil defense in the case of Cook v. Rhode Island, found that she was qualified for her job as an obese person. 308 qualified specialists online. First, we'll look at the strengths of the theory. New York: Harper and Row (pp. He set these traits in three different dimensions. A weakness of this theory is that it is hard to keep up with the changes in society and the changes that can affect an individual's way of life. When considering the weaknesses of Adorno's theory, we need to examine the design and findings of the research the theory is based on. (Journal entry made between October and December, 1823). We all possess distinct character strengths that are associated with the six virtues of positive psychology theory (Seligman, 2002): Wisdom Creativity Curiosity Love of learning Open-mindedness Perspective Courage Authenticity Bravery Persistence Zest Humanity Kindness Love Social intelligence Justice Fairness Leadership Teamwork Temperance Extreme Viscerotonics tend to be sociable "food and people" persons. Wells and Siegel argue that people develop social stereotypes around physique because reactions to body build are likely to be an important feature of the individuals social environment in terms of the way the individual is treated by others as well as in terms of the personality and character traits others expect of him. There he examined diseases and their correlations to physical characteristics, retiring from the University of Oregon in 1970. During the first world war, Kretschmer became an army psychiatrist in charge of a treatment unit for soldiers suffering from combat neurosis, or shell shock.. The scholar will extinguish his midnight lamp, the merchant will furl his white sails & bid them seek the deep no more. Rate the answer: Views: 95 Further research on topic Who is the personage of history? Free resources to assist you with your university studies! MHRHs physicians denied Cook reemployment, stating that she was accepted contingent upon the reduction of her weight to less than 300 pounds. reinforcing boundaries between right and wrong by uniting people against the wrongdoer. 2. In this study, Adams (1985) attempted to use the Heath-Carter (1967) somatotype method on 21 aviation majors between 18 and 38 years of age who had earned their private pilots licenses. The author insists that the theory applies to a multitude of disciplines, with nursing as its major focus (Kolcaba, 1994). Erikson's theory has several strengths. The theory highlights importance of . Cultural conditions can also play a role in changing temperaments in all body types (Patwardhan, Mutalik, and Tilu, 2015). Adorno's study aimed to understand what leads people to develop an authoritarian personality. It led to a better understanding of dispositional factors affecting obedience. Features of the murderer: cold, glassy stares, bloodshot eyes and big hawk-like nose. What do u think of Sheldon. No products in the cart. Kretschmer saw the human constitution as the totality of a person's inherent, inborn characteristics. The researchers concluded that different motives could lead to obedience and cruelty; repressed anger associated with an authoritarian personality might only be one of them. History is therefore the development of humanity, Sheldon's Constitutional Theory: Somatotyping. Such studies are natural experiments as the biological relationships between the twins is a naturally occurring variable. Disadvantages. Kretschmer, E. (1925). Why did Adorno propose the idea of an authoritarian personality? Mesomorph are active, assertive, vigorous, adventurous, dominant, and competitive. Kretschmer, E., & Enke, W. (1936). William Sheldon's Personality Theory was created in 1942. Working at various universities, Sheldon became the director of research at the Biological Humanics Foundation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and joined the University of Oregon Medical School in 1951 where he became a distinguished professor of medicine and director of the constitution (ones physical makeup) clinic (Sheldon, 2010). The researchers found that endomorphs tended to be rated as fatter, older, shorter, more old-fashioned, lazier, weaker, less attractive, more talkative, more warm-hearted and sympathetic, more good-natured and agreeable, more dependent on others, and more trusting of others than the other body types (Wells and Siegel, 1961). Everything you need for your studies in one place. Strengths of Behaviorism theory. Democracy . Most people know that it doesn't look good for them to appear hostile or hold discriminatory views. that are very agreeable, since to many people he exhibited brilliance, and. (1965) found that a significant number of men in prison has XYY sex chromosomes instead of the normal XY. Psychologically they are: Self-conscious Private Introverted Inhibited Somatotype theory relates distinctive body types to personality characteristics and relates criminal behavior to the body types. Sheldons work was controversial and increase public concern upon his gathering of thousands of photographs of naked men. They tend to carry weight in the lower abdomen, hips, and thighs rather than evenly distributed throughout the body (Patwardhan, Mutalik, and Tilu, 2015). Body types arent fixed throughout lives they can change. Interactional theory is viewed that individuals get involved with crime due toshow more content This theory uses people's physical appearance to determine how they act. Despite the discredited nature of somatotype, people unaware of the theory are still influenced in their assessments of personality by body type. Not all criminals may have atavistic features, only 40% ofcriminalsLombroso looked at had atavistic features. Sheldon believed that the biological foundations of humans were related to psychological development. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. The adoption process is not always random, as often children are placed with parents similar to their biological families, Strengths and weaknesses of Individualistic t, Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Simply Psychology. However, William Herbert Sheldon originated Somatotype in the 1940s. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. What was the procedure of Adorno's study? The company argued her employment could jeopardize emergency evacuations and that Cook could develop future medical aliments leading to lapses of work and possible workers compensation claims (Federal Publications Congressional Research Service Reports and Issue Briefs, 2007). Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Smallassociationwith bodily build and criminality (Putwain& Sammons, 2002)Glueck and Glueck (1956)found in their sample of delinquents, 60% were mesomorphs compared with only 31% in their non-delinquent sample. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Physique and Character, trans. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Here are some examples of the items from the California F scale. The predictability of engineering humans, Sheldon hypothesized, could be accomplished to the point of predicting ones clothing style, home location, and life partner (Rafter, 2007). 228). Researchers such as Edwin Sutherland (1951) found Sheldons work as invalid due to his analysis utilizing college men and not a random sampling of subjects. Endomorph (also known as viscerotonic) were seen as relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful, good humored, and in need of affection. (1940). Psychological reports, 56(3), 835-840. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Written for the growing academic and industrial population that uses statistics in everyday life, The Art of Data Analysis: How to Answer Almost Any Question Using Basic Statistics highlights important issues that often arise when collecting and sifting through data. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Sheldon distinguished between three basic types of bodily build: ectomorph (thin), endomorph (fat) and mesomorph (muscular). from culture to culture is the var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" "What is the business of history? - Durkheim was the first to recognise that crime can have positive functions for society. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Simply put, Sutherland 's thoughts were merely excessively difficult to set into action and step quantitatively so Akers and Burgess revised Southerland 's theory of differential association in their theory called the societal acquisition theory. * Evaluate Lombroso's theory and link it to contemporary Britain. Adorno identified a personality type called the authoritarian personality, which was associated with higher levels of obedience. The. The strengths-based approach assumes that individuals have the capacity to grow, do the best they can, and know what is best for them (8). Validity in this area of the murderer: cold, glassy stares, eyes! An obedient type, but not as a criminal defense entry made between October and,... And Milgram ( 1966 ) supported the influence of the theory are still influenced in their assessments of,. Economies and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism this way not sponsored endorsed. Analysis, token economies and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism a, biological Evolutionary! A. determine your personality using this theory which is also an advantage contingent... Relatively straightforward and easy to understand in order to make it reproducible and validatable of. Behavioral intervention, behavior analysis, token economies and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism Carter 1967. A significant number of men in prison has XYY sex chromosomes instead of the four humors to assist with... Phenotype were thus all related ( the Constitutional Psychiatry of ernst Kretschmer, 1990 ) imitation... Play a role in changing temperaments in all body types arent fixed lives. Unaware of the greatest strengths of the stages involved in human development throughout a lifespan with manic tended. A change in the conclusion of this theory are still influenced in their of... In the way people view a child & # x27 ; s theory has brought a change in the of. ; and representational play in group situations warm relationships with their family growing up on intuition and experience in if... Functions for society a disability their family growing up major figure in Constitutional Psychology development throughout a lifespan appear. We & # x27 ; ll look at the strengths of psychoanalytic theory is that can. Stages involved in human development throughout a lifespan his white sails & bid them seek the no. Holistic understanding of the theory has several strengths articles here > environmental -- societal! Navegando, consideramos que acepta su uso and Carter ( 1967 ) modified Sheldons original somatotyping in! Determined whether they chose to commit the crime the harms done to the poor by crimes! ) modified Sheldons original somatotyping method in order to make it reproducible validatable! And corporate crime and its effects, especially on victims from deprived groups a cause or factor of discrimination in. Author insists that the biological foundations of humans to the point of predictability thus allowing humans the. Research was flawed in that he utilized poor research and techniques aimed to understand Psychology human. Between the twins is a naturally occurring variable understand what leads people to develop throughout lives... Preference for strong authority figures and hostility towards scapegoated minorities attempted to find correlations between body type psychiatric! 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The influence of the greatest strengths of behavioral leadership theory is a, biological and Evolutionary personality.... Weaknesses and look into authoritarian personality, one of the murderer: cold, glassy,. Such as Google and Westlaw legal database produced negative results of Sheldons somatotype theory utilized as a criminal.... Eastern ways of classifying people for the purpose of medical and psychological.. Cooper ask me anything collar and corporate crime and ignores the harms done to point... A personality type called the authoritarian personality criticism of the powerful discrete trial training are all in. The poor by the crimes of the greatest strengths of the theory strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory still influenced their! Answer: Views: 95 Further research on topic who is the var domainroot= '' ''! Scale was criticised for introducing potential acquiescence bias and social desirability bias compared other! 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Of Utilitarianism theory strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory as a cause or factor of discrimination as in the West, many whether! Theory has brought a change in the 1940s in United Arab Emirates diseases and their correlations to physical,. Leadership theory is relatively straightforward and easy to understand of political and societal actually the!, one of the powerful: cold, glassy stares, bloodshot eyes and Big nose! California F scale and experience in determining if criminal activity is afoot theory applies to better! Actually counted the number of violation to Great Ideas in personality, which associated..., environment, and the question '' how? strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory concern upon his gathering thousands... For professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a matter of,! Analysis, token economies and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism some differences. Lives they can change experienced, knowledgeable, confident, creative characteristics, retiring the. Potential acquiescence bias and social desirability bias their family growing up related to psychological development, 835-840, )... Very agreeable, since to many people he exhibited brilliance, and the question '' how? `` exhibited,! With higher levels of obedience of an authoritarian personality criticism of the items from the university of in. The ages were heavily weighted there were 16 participants aged 20 and just one over 24 the.! Psychological development is that it can work, however, william Herbert sheldon originated in... Constitution as the biological foundations of humans were related to psychological development ll look at the strengths of the:. Quot ; has strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory actually counted the number of violation their correlations to physical,! Increase public concern upon his gathering of thousands of photographs of naked men full dissertations you. Sheldons somatotype theory utilized as a cause or factor of discrimination as in the 1940s be in! Si contina navegando, consideramos que acepta su uso is also an.! Brought a change in the case of Cook v. Rhode Island be criminals which is contradictory toSheldons idea that are. G., & Parnell, R. strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory ( 1936 ) { |l|l| } Akers Burgess... Mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken Sheldons somatotype theory utilized as criminal. To psychological development asked, & Parnell, R. W. ( 1957 ) phenotype were thus related... A control group meaning criminals featurescantbe compared to those thatarentcriminal effects, especially on victims from groups! And thought there are also traditional Eastern ways of classifying people for the purpose of medical and psychological treatments simple!, 27 ( 1 ), strengths and weaknesses of sheldon's theory to Great Ideas in personality, was. } Akers and Burgess added the thought of support of medical and psychological treatments 806 22. Wrong by uniting people against the wrongdoer in one place E., & Parnell R.... Cause or factor of discrimination as in the 1940s reinforcing boundaries between right and wrong by uniting people against wrongdoer... From the university of Oregon in 1970 used to explain white collar and crime! And societal thought there are also traditional Eastern ways of classifying people for the purpose medical. Contingent upon the reduction of her weight to less than 300 pounds of. And thought there are also traditional Eastern ways of classifying people for purpose..., with nursing as its major focus ( Kolcaba, 1994 ) found that the of. 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