Name included in 10/22 on the Chicago archdiocese's list of credibly accused. From 1852 to 1859 a group of five German Conventual Franciscans worked among their countrymen at New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, and other towns in the vicinity of San Antonio. Sentenced in 11/19 to 15 years in prison. Capuchin Brother. The Alamo. When the Irish Capuchin Friars came to . The Capuchins are an order of brothers, both priests and lay, who live according to the Rule of St. Francis in the tradition of the Capuchin Reform. The same custody also founded the missions in the El Paso del Norte area in 1659 and 1680, the two near the site of Presidio, Texas, in 1683, and another short-lived Jumano mission, east or west of the San Angelo area, in 1684. LaReau is not listed in the 1979-82 Catholic Directories. Also reported in 1990 for suspect conduct involving physical activities with minor males. The missionaries came from Spain via training schools in Mexico and were Franciscans, an order of priests who had taken a vow of poverty in order to devote themselves to learning, brotherhood with all living creatures, and spreading the word of God. Accused in 2004 or 2005 of abusing a minor 1952-53. Retired and living in Guam at Capuchin Friary in 4/17; there since at least 2007. The Archdiocese of Denver was investigating, per its 3/3/16 statement. The plaintiff was a counselor for men abused by clergy and claimed his therapy in 1992 revealed flashbacks. Capuchin Franciscan Friars - Province of the Sacred Stigmata of Saint Francis P.O. Arrested and charged in 2000 with 14 counts of indecent solicitation of a child and other crimes, including sodomy, of a 14-year-old boy at Thomas More Prep-Marian High School 1993-94. Archdiocese deemed the allegation credible. In addition, they serve the homeless and marginalized in centers such as Samaritan House in Denver. In 2020, the Capuchin brothers in San Antonio, TX moved into a new friary. Learn more about opportunities to discern religious life with the Capuchin Franciscans. Named publicly by the Archdiocese of Kansas City in 3/22 as accused of the sexual abuse of a minor. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Please fill out the form at the bottom of the page. In 1993 a woman alleged that Avant abused her child in the early 1970s. On the Saginaw diocese's list by 8/9/19. Died: 01/27/1988Diocese: Diocese of Trenton NJ, Died: 07/16/1987Diocese: Archdiocese of Milwaukee WI, Died: 06/18/1991Diocese: Archdiocese of Los Angeles CA, Died: 06/22/1994Diocese: Archdiocese of Milwaukee WI, Died: 12/15/2004Diocese: Diocese of Rockville Centre NY, Died: 06/23/1997Diocese: Archdiocese of Kansas City KS, Died: 02/27/1958Diocese: Archdiocese of Detroit MI. The second episode of our new series, Fr. A second allegation received in 2008 of abuse in the late 1950s. Included on the St. Joseph Province Capuchins' list of those with substantiated allegations against them. Allegation deemed unsubstantiated by the diocese in 4/22. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Included on the Baltimore archdiocese's 2002 list of accused religious priests and brothers. Admitted 12/22/14 to sexual abuse of 10 minors in 1970s and '80s in NYC and WI. The order deemed the allegations credible. In the meantime, Queretaran Father Antonio de Olivares, called the founder of San Antonio, had established San Antonio de Valero Mission in 1718; it became the Alamo after its secularization in 1793. Removed 9/12; living under supervision. Now that we have had some time to settle into the place, we have a few needs. Removed from ministry/under supervision. Died in 1976. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Numerous victims reported abuse but no action by Leifeld, his supervisor. On the Las Vegas diocese's list 4/12/19 (name misspelled "Manetta"). By sharing our Franciscan charism with the people we serve, we foster a vibrant, faithful community. . Capuchin formation involves two distinct periods: initial and ongoing formation. In 2008 a man reported to the Marquette diocese that Wolf sexually abused him over two years in the 1970s when he was ages 11-12. They also work in poor parishes in Kansas and San Antonio. Judge dismissed case, noting evidence Gardipee disrobed in front of boy. Left priesthood in 1993 and requested laicization. Franciscans is the popular name of the priests and brothers of the Order of Friars Minor, founded by St. Francis of Assisi in 1209. Joseph. Included on the Capuchin's list of those with substantiated allegations against them. Two of the priests admitted abusing other boys but not the plaintiff in this case. Were here to support you in your discernment. Press alt + / to open this menu. The abuse happened in VA over several months in 1985. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Was borrowing money from staff members; when asked why Harrison said he needed it to pay a victim. Per his obituary, Kwapisz worked at Archbishop Curley High School in Baltimore MD for 10 years, then at parishes in PA, NJ and GA. Healthy Female White Face Capuchin Monkey For Sale At A. Worked in Kansas City-St. Joseph diocese in the 1970s. Joseph Mary on our Capuchin vocation retreat. The abuse allegedly occurred during sleepovers in the parish rectory and included physical assaults and plying the boy with alcohol. In 1772 the college of Quertaro surrendered its four remaining missions on the San Antonio River to the college of Zacatecas and left Texas so it could undertake the care and further development of the former Jesuit missions of Pimera Alta (northernmost Mexico and southern Arizona) into a chain of successful missions, resembling and contemporary with the "Old Missions of California" (that is, Alta California), which were begun in 1769 by Fr. Accused in 12/92 of sexual misconduct with St. Lawrence Seminary High School students. He died in 6/94. They are healthy,vaccinat.. Capuchins Monkey, Texas San Antonio Premium $1,950 Lovable, beautiful and smart AKC certified puppies Tom Elsbecker Most of our dogs are either all black or black and tan, and would be an excellent additio.. German Shepherd, Iowa Algona Accused in lawsuit filed 8/14/19 of abusing a boy, ages 9-11, during 1961-63, at Immaculate Heart of Mary, which was a Capuchin minor seminary in Geneva. These cookies do not store any personal information. Box 192 Garrison, NY 10524 Phone: 845-424-3609 Our ethnicity data indicates the majority is Hispanic. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. A woman said he abused her when she was 18 and he was part of Salina diocese. The plaintiff also alleged abuse by Fr. Suit in 4/93 said he abused, harassed and stalked teen; expanded in 1994, accusing Capuchins of coverup. He started at the school in 1954. Enjoy the full Brown Robe event . More than one credible allegation of abuse, occurring in the 1970s. Accuser also filed civil suit which was later dismissed on SOL. Seeabbreviationsandpostingpolicy. Alejandro Daz, OFM Cap, taking place in San Antonio, Texas on Saturday September 11th, 2021 at 10am CT. Identified in the 6/18/13 Report of the Audit and Review of the Files of the Capuchin Province of St. Joseph as a deceased friar with confirmed reports of the sexual abuse of minors. Pastor of Our Lady Gate of Heaven in Chicago 3/18/12. Permanently removed from ministry. Five of the Texas missions of the College of Guadalupe de Zacatecas were founded by Father President Antonio Margil de Jess, either personally or through a companion friar who represented him. When St. Francis founded the Friars Minor, he located the center of activity for the Order in a little church near Assisi dedicated to Our Lady of Angels. The Capuchin Franciscan friars of the Province of St. Conrad have announced the solemn final profession of Brother Alejandro Daz, OFM Cap, of San Lorenzo de Brinds Friary on West Ashby Place in San Antonio, a second-year seminarian at the Oblate School of Theology Regis Paul Scanlons ministerial life was as remarkable as a profile from Butlers Lives of the Saints. They are healthy,vaccinated,dewormed,sociable,friendly and come with a Health Guarantee. Named publicly as accused by the Diocese of Great Falls-Billings on its list 8/21/18. Also accused of abuse in Baker OR diocese after leaving L.A. As part of 2007 $660M settlement with 508 plaintiffs, Archdiocese was to release personnel files. Gottschalk co-founded House of Peace in 1968. One known credible allegation of abuse occurring in the 1970s. Resides in San Antonio, TX. Died: 04/15/2002Diocese: Archdiocese of Detroit MI, Died: 01/12/1984Diocese: Archdiocese of Detroit MI, Died: 05/20/1967Diocese: Diocese of Great Falls-Billings MT, Died: 12/9/2010Diocese: Diocese of Salina KS, Died: 01/2/1999Diocese: Archdiocese of Milwaukee WI, Died: 12/21/1979Diocese: Archdiocese of Milwaukee WI, Diocese: Diocese of Great Falls-Billings MT, Died: 04/29/1976Diocese: Archdiocese of Baltimore MD, Died: 05/13/1989Diocese: Archdiocese of Detroit MI, Died: 01/24/2021Diocese: Archdiocese of Milwaukee WI, Died: 02/1/2013Diocese: Diocese of Great Falls-Billings MT, Diocese: Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph MO, Died: 02/11/2009Diocese: Diocese of Pittsburgh PA. Named publicly as accused by the diocese on its list in 4/20. Ament died in 1984. Personnel file produced to court in 1999. In 2020, the Capuchin brothers in San Antonio, TX moved into a new friary. Living with Order in St. Louis 12/06. Named in the 2004 L.A. archdiocesan report. Left the order at some point. Saint Francis of Assisi, born Francesco di Bernardone in the province of Umbria, Italy in either 1181 or 1182, began a gradual . Reported in 1993. accessed March 01, 2023, Named publicly as accused by the Capuchin Province of Mid-America on its list 3/1/19. On the Capuchin Province of Mid-America's list 3/1/19. They established communities in Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula, in Mexico and the Central American countries of Honduras and Nicaragua, New Zealand, Japan, Papua New Guinea, and many others. Roscetti died in 1991. Plaintiff went on to be a counselor for men abused by clergy and claims his therapy in 1992 revealed flashbacks. AUGUST 5-7 @ ST. CONRAD FRIA, Congratulations Father Matt on your 40th Anniversa, Recap of the Capuchins West Chapter! Also known as Fr. Marion A. Habig, "The Franciscan Provinces of Spanish North America," The Americas 1 (July, October 1944, January 1945). When St. Francis founded the Friars Minor, he located the center of activity for the Order in a little church near Assisi dedicated to Our Lady of Angels. . Now that we have had some time to settle into the place, we have a few needs and some wants to help make it feel more like. Named as credibly accused on the KCK diocese's list in 1/19. Ordained in Colombia, South America. https://capuchins.org . Capuchin Poor Clares, Monastery of the Blessed Sacrament, 4201 N.E., 18th Avenue, Amarillo, TX 79107. He was barred from suing due to the statute of limitations. His superiors tried to suppress these new notions, forcing Matteo and his companions to hide from the authorities who wanted to arrest them for abandoning their religious obligations. Named in 8/14/18 PA Grand Jury Report. See more. "A nice crop" of vocations is something the Capuchin Franciscans are celebrating this July in the Province of St. Conrad, whose headquarters are in Denver. Transferred out of diocese in 10/99. The accuser indicated there may have been other victims. The Capuchin Franciscans work with the poor and homeless in poor parishes such as Annunciation Parish in Denver and Our Lady of Guadalupe Parish in Colorado Springs. Baldwin Beyer. Died: 08/5/2009Diocese: Diocese of Honolulu HI, Died: 05/29/2006Diocese: Diocese of Great Falls-Billings MT, Died: 09/5/1991Diocese: Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston WV. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Arrested in 1/93. (Brown Robe 2019 Short Film) | Capuchin Franciscans 4,774 views 3 years ago capuchins.org A short film shown at our 2019 Brown Robe event to celebrate the ministry of the Capuchin Friars.. From Ireland. A teacher at St. Lawrence Seminary High School told the Order in 1981-82 that Hahn, a dormitory supervisor, was having inappropriate contact with students. A second complaint received. The Capuchin Friars Minor is a Catholic religious order of men. Also accused by a man who alleged abuse as a boy in the 1970s at Church of the Good Shepherd in Shawnee. Nearby San Francisco Xavier de Njera Mission was staffed from Valero from 1722 to 1726 and then merged with it. Gleissner's name is included on this list without any additional information on claims against him except that he was removed from public ministry and was placed under supervision. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/franciscans. One, Santa Mara de las Caldas, below Socorro, had a diocesan priest as its missionary from 1730 to 1749. On Alexandria diocese's list 2/6/19 (name spelled "Valez-Lopez.") A more complete map is available for Franciscan friars showing all OFM locations (including provincial offices, formation houses, etc.). In 1897 Pope Leo XIII reunited the Discalced, Reformati, and Recollect Franciscans with the Observants in one Order of Friars Minor, simply so-called; and dark brown was made the common color of the habit of all its members. On the diocese's list 8/21/18 (as "Emmitt Hoffman.") Accused of abuse of a minor 1983-84 while assigned to St. Francis High School in La Canada, CA. See where the Franciscans are located in the US. Allegedly sexually abused an altar boy, ages 13-16, 1983-85, while assigned to St. Casimir in Riverside NJ. Became licensed social worker, began work with the V.A. In 1955 Holy Family parish at Vernon, with missions at Quanah and Crowell, and two years later St. Peter's parish in Fort Worth were committed to the province; but they were relinquished on January 6, 1961. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. At least two civil suits filed. Born on Feb. 17, 1943, in Pittsburgh, Pa., to Jeremiah and Dorothy (Meyer) Scanlon, when he died after a long illness on Nov. 6, 2021, in, Springtime Meditations with Br. Matteo and his companions found refuge with the Camaldolese monks. Inspired by the life and writings of St Francis of Assisi, we strive to authentically live a life of prayer, fraternity and ministry as brothers in simplicity, humility and joy. Pets and Animals Houston 700 $. . The abuse is said to have occurred in the parish rectory and in hotel rooms during trips. Order has paid for counseling for him. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Included on the Baltimore archdiocese's 2002 list of accused religious priests and brothers. Included on the Capuchins St. Joseph Province list of those with substantiated allegations against them. He died in 1987. Jim Buser and Gale Leifeld of molesting a student in the 1970s at a Capuchin run high school and after graduation. Accused of sexually abusing a minor boy in 1976. Franciscans. Served most of career as provincial tailor for province of St. Joseph. They have also established new "missions," that is, parishes of Mexican Americans, in the southern part of San Antonio: St. Joseph, Our Lady of Angels, St. Leonard, St. Bonaventure, and St. Clare. Registered as MO sex offender. The early Capuchins strove to live more simply, serve the poor, practice a contemplative . In 2016 the Pittsburgh diocese received a report from a woman that when she was age 17 in 1969 and a Sewickley Valley Hospital nursing students, Justi was a patient who became aroused as she bathed him and insisted she keep washing his genitals. A biographical dictionary published in 1973 contains sketches of 121 Franciscans of the college of Zacatecas who served as missionaries in Texas between 1716 and 1834. A third branch, the Capuchin Friars Minor, begun in 1525, became autonomous in 1619. Named as abuser in 12/30/11 civil suit filed against Diocese and Order. [2] Ir a. Secciones de esta pgina. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. J. Michael Morrissey, of abuse of a boy in the 1980s in Mangilao, Guam. Died 12/15/04. Faculties had been removed in 2004 for past allegations that "arose elsewhere." . Very sweet little monkey. On Great Falls-Billings list 8/21/18. Later attempts to molest the boy "occurred in the sacristy, the bell tower and in defendant's car." Yesterday at 6:25 AM. Capuchin Franciscan Friar of the Province of St. Mary, ordained in NY. Kriston Colucci worked in Denver 1970 until 1993, when he was removed for "reported misconduct." Junpero Serra and his companions from the College of San Fernando. Sentenced to two years probation. Joined the Capuchin Order as a friar in 1959. Included on the Capuchins St. Joseph Province list of those with substantiated allegations against them. Included on the La Crosse diocese's list 1/18/20, where he worked at some point at St. Henry in Eau Galle. Our brother Gary Stakem, OFM Cap., died peacefully in his bed at St. Augustine Friary, Pittsburgh, at 5:30 A.M. on Tuesday, October 5 th, 2022. Native of Czechoslovakia. Lawsuit in 1999 by younger brother settled for $625K in 2001. (First Guam assignment was assistant parish priest under Rev. Leave in 9/09; resigned in 11/09. Removed from ministry/under supervision, per Salina diocese. Subject of a claim settled in 2021 in the low six figures. It seemed only right, then, to name Our Lady of Angels the patroness of the new province of Capuchins in Western America in 1979. The 175-acre sanctuary, located in south Texas, provides a safe, permanent home to monkeys, many rescued from abuse in roadside zoos or as pets in private homes or retired from animal experimentation. Included on the Capuchin Friars' list of those with substantiated allegations against them 8/19/21, which notes, "Retired/Restrict in Ministry" since 2005. Worked as a missioner in Central America for 52 years. Accused of abuse of four St. Francis of Assisi parish altar boys 1957-62, per 2003 civil suit. 1976). The two had a child together, later married. - Capuchin Franciscans | Facebook The friars of San Lorenzo Friary in San Antonio in prayer last Sunday! (Part of the San Francisco archdiocese until the Santa Rosa diocese was established in 1/62.) Capuchin brothers also serve as missionaries in the US and around the world. Arrested in 4/08. A third branch, the Capuchin Friars Minor, begun in 1525, became autonomous in 1619. Later worked in Los Angeles, CA and Hermiston, OR, returning to Our Lady of the Angels in Burlingame, CA in 1961 as pastor, where he remained until his death 6/18/91. Stewart's name is included on this list without any additional information on claims against him. More than one credible allegation of abuse, alleged to have occurred 1970s-80s. School paid $30K. He was in residence at our Motherhouse Care community since January 2020. Sign Up Here. Regis Paul Scanlon's ministerial life was as remarkable as a profile from Butler's Lives of the Saints. Identified in 6/18/13 Report of the Audit and Review of the Files of the Capuchin Province of St. Joseph as former friar with confirmed reports of sexual abuse of minors. Your financial support allows us to meet the needs of the materially and spiritually poor. Name included on Capuchin list of friars with confirmed reports of sexual abuse of minors released 6/18/13. Added to the Baltimore archdiocese's list 4/24/19. Please submit your prayer requests, and well keep you and your loved ones in our daily prayers. Spanish Franciscans from the La Rbida convent in Andaluca were early supporters of Columbus's mission, and friars accompanied him on his second voyage. Civil suit filed in 2/94. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/franciscans. You can learn more about our Orders missionary work in Northern Mexico, Remember that when you leave this earth, you ca, Come and See Retreat Placed on leave pending investigation. The friars of San Lorenzo Friary in San Antonio in prayer last Sunday! The girl's mother reportedly informed Rev. Capuchin Franciscans. The Capuchin Province of St. Conrad is pleased to announce the upcoming Transitional Diaconate Ordination of Br. He died 6/19/92 in Saginaw, MI. Suit filed in 2001 in TX. First named publicly as accused in 8/14/2018 PA Grand Jury Report. Per the Salina diocese, there is one known credible allegation against Scarry, occurring in the 1980s. Per the list, Kriley was possibly deceased. Suit said to have settled and Gardipee was barred from teaching and ministering to minors. The site of the former St. Joachim Parish, which merged with Holy Innocents in 2013, was acquired by the Capuchin Franciscan Friars of the Province of St. Augustine, and now ministers to the. Per Capuchins, defrocked in 2010. Following the meek and humble Christ, we share our joy as lesser brothers by walking with people of every social condition. Later missions founded in 1715 in the Presidio area were established by Franciscans of the Province of San Francisco de Zacatecas, which had charge of numerous missions in the area of the present Mexican state of Chihuahua. Area Code . For the mission of Santa Cruz and others planned in the San Saba River area, besides the missionaries supplied by the college of Quertaro, three were sent by the College of San Fernando or Mexico City (founded 173034). Sign Up One known credible allegation of abuse, which occurred in 1977. Interested in becoming a part of the Order? St. Francis High School is a Catholic, college preparatory school for boys in grades. Worked on Guam 1976-99 then Pearl City, HI 1999-2008. On Capuchin Province of Mid-America list 3/1/19. His victim reported the abuse to the church in the 1990s when he was in his early 20s, and received a settlement. Assigned to Aiea and Pearl City HI parishes and on Guam. One confidential settlement for $100K in 1995; another in 1996. View pictures. Sections of this page. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Arrived in CA in 1934, assigned to a parish in Burlingame in the SF archdiocese. Died 12/2/92. The colleges ceased to exist in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Parents of two altar boys complained in 1994 but the diocese said Mannetta's behavior was not sexual in nature. Capuchin definition, a Central and South American monkey, Cebus capucinus, having a prehensile tail and hair on the head resembling a cowl. The Capuchins are an order of brothers, both priests and lay, who live according to the Rule of St. Francis and the sound traditions of the Capuchins Reform. The last Spanish Franciscan in Texas was Fr. [W] https://capuchinnunsalamotx.org/ Amarillo, TX: Franciscans. Her mother reported Justi to his superior. Jump to. Both male and female marmoset and Capuchin monkeys available. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Sued 2003. Capuchin Franciscans. The capuchin monkeys (/ k p j (t) n /) are New World monkeys of the subfamily Cebinae.They are readily identified as the "organ grinder" monkey, and have been used in many movies and television shows.The range of capuchin monkeys includes some tropical forests in Central America and South America as far south as northern Argentina.In Central America, where they are called white . Name included in 10/22 on the Chicago archdiocese's list of credibly accused. Registration is required. Please try again. Worked in Wisconsin for much of his career. Worked in Milwaukee, Detroit and Chicago. Accusations made in 2003 to Review Board. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Calvary minor seminary in WI in early career, then worked at parishes in Milwaukee WI, Yonkers, Brooklyn, and Manhattan, NY. Capuchin comes from the Italian word "cappuccio" for hood and refers to their tunic's long pointed . Capuchin Poor Clares, Monastery of Saints Joseph and Saint Rita, P.O. Died 1/2/99. He was removed from his assignment in New Hampshire (no claims of offense there) and placed on leave. Case tried in 1995. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Dismissed from his order in 2007. Accused in 1992 of performing oral sex on a 16-year-old student at St. Lawrence Seminary Preparatory School in the 1970s, where he was a Latin teacher. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. in 2015; police were not notified until 10/26/18, after Villalta told a visiting priest about the situation. Also assigned to friaries in Hudson NH and Garrison NY, then to a chapel in Springfield MA. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Dismissed from clerical state 12/29/92. Charged with molesting a 16-year-old boy he picked up while on a skiing vacation. . The original group grew in number after other like-minded friars, inspired by their example, came to live their way of life. Admitted giving alcohol to boys. Died 3/22/97. When the Irish Capuchin Friars came to America, they named their first parish in Hermiston, Oregon after Our Lady of Angels. Seventy Texas missionaries are known to have come from the college of Quertaro, but the list is incomplete. Identified in 6/18/13 Report of the Audit and Review of the Files of the Capuchin Province of St. Joseph as current friar with confirmed reports of sexual abuse of minors. Accused in a 2008 letter to Order's NY provincial of abusing a boy 1961-66, when the boy attended St. Mary's Seminary High School in Glenclyffe, NY. Accessibility Help. Gibeault's name is included on this list without any additional information on claims against him except that he was the subject of confirmed reports of inappropriate sexual behavior at St.Lawrence Seminary. "Unsuccessful" missions were also founded by missionaries of the college of Quertaro: the three missions on the San Xavier (now San Gabriel) River in 174649, two of them moved to the San Marcos River in 1755 and one to the Guadalupe in 1756 (see SAN XAVIER MISSIONS); the Apache mission of Santa Cruz on the San Saba River in 1757, destroyed the next year by hostile Indians; and San Lorenzo de Santa Cruz and Nuestra Seora de la Candelaria missions to the Apaches on the Nueces River in 1762. Father Douay accompanied La Salle on his last trip, reached the Illinois country, returned to France, traveled back to Louisiana, and celebrated the first Mass at the site of New Orleans, where a monument has been erected in his honor. The Capuchins live the Gospel inspired by the life and ideals of St. Francis of Assisi.